Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Civilian shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Civilian offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Civilian at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Civilian? Wrong! If the Civilian is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Civilian then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Civilian? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Civilian and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Civilian wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Civilian then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Civilian site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Civilian, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Civilian, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
A
civilian under international humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her
country's
armed forces. The term is also often used colloquially to refer to people who are not members of a particular profession or occupation, especially by
law enforcement agencies, which often use rank structures similar to those of military units.
The
ICRC 1958 Commentary on
GCIV Article 4.4 states that "very person in enemy hands must have some status under international law: he is either a prisoner of war and, as such, covered by the Third Convention, a civilian covered by the Fourth Convention, or again, a member of the medical personnel of the armed forces who is covered by the First Convention.
There is no intermediate status; nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law. We feel that this is a satisfactory solution – not only satisfying to the mind, but also, and above all, satisfactory from the humanitarian point of view." Jean Pictet (ed.) – Commentary: IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1958) – 1994 reprint edition. The ICRC has expressed the opinion that "If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered 'unlawful' or 'unprivileged' combatants or belligerents (the treaties of humanitarian law do not expressly contain these terms). They may be prosecuted under the domestic law of the detaining state for such action". The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism official statement by the ICRC 21 July 2005
Article 50 in Chapter II: "Civilians and Civilian Population" of
Protocol I defines that a civilian is not a
privileged combatant. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to civilians (unless they are unprivileged combatants) and civilian populations. Chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. Article 8(2)(b)(i) Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court also prohibits attacks directed against civilians. Not all states have ratified Protocol I or the Rome Statute, but it is an accepted principle of international humanitarian law that the direct targeting of civilians is a breach of the customary laws of war and is binding on all belligerents.
Under international maritime law and aviation law a distinction is made between passengers and crew that is similar to that of combatants and civilians under the laws of war. Under their own municipal law governments may extend the definition of who is a civilian to exclude those who work for the
emergency services, because members of the emergency services may from time to time need additional legal powers over and above those usually available to ordinary citizens.
See also
References
Further reading
- US DoD definition of the term Civilian, refers to civilian law enforcement agencies
- Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims
- 'The Civilians'
A
civilian under
international humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her country's
armed forces. The term is also often used colloquially to refer to people who are not members of a particular profession or occupation, especially by law enforcement agencies, which often use rank structures similar to those of
military units.
The ICRC 1958 Commentary on GCIV Article 4.4 states that "very person in enemy hands must have some status under international law: he is either a prisoner of war and, as such, covered by the Third Convention, a civilian covered by the Fourth Convention, or again, a member of the medical personnel of the armed forces who is covered by the First Convention.
There is no intermediate status; nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law. We feel that this is a satisfactory solution – not only satisfying to the mind, but also, and above all, satisfactory from the humanitarian point of view." Jean Pictet (ed.) – Commentary: IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1958) – 1994 reprint edition. The ICRC has expressed the opinion that "If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered 'unlawful' or 'unprivileged' combatants or belligerents (the treaties of humanitarian law do not expressly contain these terms). They may be prosecuted under the domestic law of the detaining state for such action". The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism official statement by the ICRC
21 July 2005
Article 50 in Chapter II: "Civilians and Civilian Population" of Protocol I defines that a civilian is not a
privileged combatant. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to civilians (unless they are unprivileged combatants) and civilian populations. Chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. Article 8(2)(b)(i)
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court also prohibits attacks directed against civilians. Not all states have ratified Protocol I or the Rome Statute, but it is an accepted principle of international humanitarian law that the direct targeting of civilians is a breach of the customary laws of war and is binding on all belligerents.
Under international
maritime law and aviation law a distinction is made between passengers and crew that is similar to that of combatants and civilians under the
laws of war. Under their own municipal law governments may extend the definition of who is a civilian to exclude those who work for the emergency services, because members of the emergency services may from time to time need additional legal powers over and above those usually available to ordinary citizens.
See also
References
Further reading
- US DoD definition of the term Civilian, refers to civilian law enforcement agencies
- Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims
- 'The Civilians'
Civilian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A civilian under international humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her country 's armed forces. The term is also often used colloquially to refer to people ...
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